The chest X-ray provides information about the size and configuration of the heart and great vessels, as well as pulmonary vasculature, and pleural effusions. Cardiac chamber dilation, rather than wall thickening is generally perceived as an alteration in cardiac silhouette. Routinely posteroanterior (PA) and lateral chest films are obtained. Enlargement of the fight atrium may cause bulging of the heart to the fight on the PA film, while fight ventricular enlargement is generally perceived as a filling of the anterior clear space on the lateral film. Left atrial enlargement may be detected by an upward displacement of the left main-stem bronchus, or posterior displacement of the barium filled esophagus on lateral films. Left ventricular enlargement is the most common finding on chest x-ray, generally results in an increased cardiothoracic ratio (> 0.50). Pericardial effusions may be suspected by an enlarged cardiac silhouette with "water bottle" appearance. Fluoroscopy, more often performed in the cardiac catheterization suite, generally confirms minimal motion of cardiac borders. Fluoroscopy is also more sensitive for detection of cardiac valve calcium as well as epicardial calcium (see cine CT). The chest x-ray is also helpful to demonstrate upper zone redistribution, pleural effusions, and Kerley B-lines indicative of congestive heart failure.
مقاله در مورد عفونت استخوان و مفصل به زبان انگلیسی
مقاله در مورد عفونت استخوان و مفصل به زبان انگلیسی
Bone and Joint Infections - Janet Wong, M.D.
چکیده:
What is thought to happen from the hematogenesis standpoint is that the during a course of bacteremia, as the organisms enter into the bone through the nutrient artery towards the growthplate, there are these loose capillaries that are said to have sluggish blood flow in them. It is also thought that maybe there is a fully developed reticulum within this system. There does seem to be evidence of low oxygen within the metaphysis, and wealways hear about this preceding history of trauma as a possibly predisposing factor. Perhaps this is simply disruptive blood flow, but the history of trauma to children is common, and it is hard to know what really this is contributing to the pathogenesis. The nutrient artery penetrates into the diaphysis of the bone, moving up into the metaphysis and making a hairpin turn at the epiphysis. This is why it is in a long individual, at least for thetubular long bones, that osteomyelitis is more common at the ends of the bones because of these here hairpin turns.
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عفونت استخوان و مفصل,
مقاله در مورد عفونت استخوان و مفصل,
مقاله در مورد عفونت استخوان و مفصل به زبان انگلیسی,
Bone and Joint Infections - Janet Wong, M,
D,
,
نویسنده : ziba
تاریخ : 