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چکیده: در زمانی که انسان ها در روستاها و دهکده ها جمع شدند و شروع به کاشت محصولات انتخابی کردند ، مشکل آفت مطرح شد . آن ها با آفاتی روبرو بودند که به محصولاتشان حمله می کردند . از طریق آزمون و خطا یاد گرفتند که چطور روش های خود را اصلاح کرده و محیط را تغییر دهند . عملیاتی نظیر نابود کردن محصولات مزاحم ، شخم زدن و حذف حشرات خاکزی ، تغییر در زمان کشت ، هرس کردن ، گرد گیری با سولفور برای کاهش خسارت آفات صورت می گرفت . برخی از این روش ها هنوز هم پابرجاست .با کشت و کار گیاهان اهلی شده در زمین های بزرگ زراعی ، تعادل زیستی اکو سیستمهای طبیعی بر هم خورد و حشرات توانستند غذای فراوان خود را در مزارع یک دست کشت شده بیابند و بی هیچ مزاحمتی جمعیت خود را افزایش دهند.در زمان طغیان و حمله حشرات, انسان از ترس قحطی, چاره ای جز استفاده از آفت کش ها برای نابودی دشمن تازه خود نمی دید . بنابراین شتاب زده به استفاده از آفت کشهای شیمیائی روی آورد که این موضوع شرایط را پیچیده تر کرد به طوریکه سموم با تأثیر زیاد خود روی دشمنان طبیعی آفات و از بین بردن آنها و متقابلاً تأثیر اندک روی آفات هدف ، زمینه را برای طغیانی تر شدن آفات در غیاب دشمنان طبیعی و شکارگرها فراهم کردند تا جایی که امروزه کنترل جمعیت بعضی آفات به وسیله سموم بسیار مشکل و در مواردی حتی غیر ممکن است.مفهوم مدیریت تلفیقی ابتدا توسط Hoskins و همکاران در سال ۱۹۳۹ به کار برده شد . آنها معتقد بودند دو روش مبارزه بیولوژیک و شیمیائی می توانند به عنوان مکمل همدیگر باشند .شیوه های IPM علی رغم اینکه از اواخر ۱۹۶۰ در دنیا آغاز گردید ولی در واقع از اواخر دهه ۱۹۷۰ به صورت جدی دنبال شد. اولین پروژه بزرگ IPM در امریکا به نام پروژه Huffaker انجام شد و محصولاتی نظیر یونجه, مرکبات, پنبه, میوه های هسته دار و چند محصول دیگر را در برگرفت . پروژه ملی IPM در اواخر دهه ۱۹۸۰ و اوایل ۱۹۹۰ در چندین کشور توسعه یافته تدوین گردید...
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فرمت فایل: DOCX (ورد 2007) قابل ویرایش تعداد صفحات: 39
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